Melanin starts its journey in melanocytes, specialised cells tucked into the basal layer (innermost layer) of the skin’s epidermis (outermost layer). These cells churn out melanin through a finely tuned process, packaging it into tiny sacs called melanosomes. From there, melanosomes transfer into neighbouring cells called keratinocytes. These cells travel upward through the skin’s layers and as they rise, melanin becomes visible, giving your skin its tone. 

In healthy skin, this pigmentation process works in harmony to create an even complexion. However, external and internal factors—such as UV exposure, hormonal changes, and post-inflammatory responses—can disrupt this balance. The result is a buildup of melanin in certain areas, leading to hyperpigmentation, visible as dark spots, uneven skin tone, or discolouration on the face.